Why is knowing the standard values of a health check-up important for your health?

Health check-ups help us understand our current physical condition and detect diseases or risks in their early stages. Regular check-ups enable timely prevention and treatment, reducing severity and long-term costs. Understanding the purpose and standard values of the tests also allows us to interpret the results and better understand our health status.

 

 

Basic Health Check-Up (Basic Measurement)

Why is a basic health check-up necessary?

A basic health check-up is an essential step in assessing your overall health. It includes measuring Vital Signs and calculating the Body Mass Index (BMI).

Vital Signs

Vital signs are basic indicators that show the functioning of various systems in the body. These include blood pressure, body temperature, pulse, and respiration rate. Changes in these values may indicate changes in the body’s health condition.

Blood Pressure

• Normal blood pressure is less than 120/80 mmHg.
• Elevated blood pressure is between 120-129/80-84 mmHg.
• High blood pressure (Stage 1) is between 130-139/85-89 mmHg.
• High blood pressure (Stage 2) is between 140-159/90-99 mmHg.
• Very high blood pressure is between 160-179/100-109 mmHg.
• Hypertensive crisis is 180/110 mmHg or higher.

Results of High and Low Blood Pressure

Low blood pressure may increase the risk of accidents, such as falling due to dizziness, weakness, or fainting. If the pressure is very low, it can lead to oxygen deficiency in the body, which may harm the heart and brain.

High blood pressure may increase the risk of complications such as heart failure, arrhythmia, chronic kidney disease, swollen legs, pale skin, dry skin, stroke symptoms like facial drooping, weakness or numbness on one side, and may also lead to dementia or retinal issues.

Causes of High and Low Blood Pressure

High blood pressure is divided into two types: primary (essential) hypertension, which accounts for 90-95% of cases, especially in older adults and women, and secondary hypertension, which is caused by an underlying condition such as kidney problems, adrenal glands, the nervous system, hormones, pregnancy complications, or medication use. Risk factors for high blood pressure include genetics, obesity, high cholesterol, salty diet, lack of exercise, alcohol consumption, smoking, stress, and aging.

Low blood pressure can result from various causes such as breathing problems, stress, posture, dehydration, pregnancy, certain medications, heart problems, endocrine issues, blood loss, severe infections, allergic reactions, or nutritional deficiencies.

Body Temperature

• Normal temperature: 35.4 – 37.4°C
• Low-grade fever: 37.5 – 38.4°C
• High fever: 38.5 – 39.4°C
• Very high fever: Above 40°C

Causes of Changes in Body Temperature

Changes in body temperature can result from various factors, such as age, physical condition, activities performed, environmental conditions, body shape, and other factors.

Pulse Rate

• The resting heart rate is typically around 60-100 beats per minute, which is considered normal.
• A heart rate exceeding 100 beats per minute indicates tachycardia (rapid heart rate).
• A heart rate exceeding 150 beats per minute indicates severe tachycardia, which is a dangerous condition.

Effects of Pulse Rate

A rapid heart rate, in the absence of physical activity, exercise, or fever, may indicate an underlying health issue. If accompanied by symptoms such as palpitations, shortness of breath, or fatigue, it could be a sign of arrhythmia (irregular heartbeat).

Causes of Rapid Heart Rate

The causes of a rapid heart rate can be both external and internal factors. External factors include exercise, fever, excitement, fear, dehydration, low blood sugar, excessive blood loss, stress, anxiety, or the consumption of stimulants such as certain drinks and medications. Internal factors include acute myocardial ischemia, congenital heart defects, heart valve diseases, high blood pressure, and anemia.

 

Body Mass Index (BMI)

Body Mass Index (BMI) is a tool used to estimate body fat by dividing weight by height in meters squared. While BMI provides an indication of health trends and the risk of certain diseases, it is not sufficient to assess overall health. Other evaluations should be used alongside BMI for more accurate and comprehensive information.

BMI Levels

• BMI less than 18.50 : Underweight
• BMI between 18.50 – 22.9 : Normal weight
• BMI between 23 – 24.9 : Overweight
• BMI between 25 – 29.9 : Obese
• BMI above 30 : Severely obese

Effects of BMI Levels

• Individuals with a BMI below the standard range are at a higher risk of malnutrition, leading to fatigue and weakened immunity.
• Those with a BMI within the normal range have the lowest risk of obesity-related complications.
• Individuals with a BMI above the standard range are at risk of obesity-related complications.
• Those with a significantly high BMI face an even greater risk of obesity-related complications.
• Individuals with a very high BMI are at the highest risk of developing obesity-related complications.

Causes of Variations in Body Mass Index (BMI)

BMI variations arise from various factors, such as dietary habits, exercise routines, genetics, health conditions, and hormonal factors.

 

BMI Calculator Program

 

Eye Screening

Why is Eye Screening necessary?

Eye screening is a process to assess eye health, vision, and detect potential eye disorders. Some eye diseases may not show symptoms in their early stages, making regular eye screenings crucial for early prevention and timely treatment.

Eye Screening Tests Lists

1. Visual Acuity Test (VA)

This test evaluates the ability to see and identifies refractive errors or eye conditions. Many professions require specific visual acuity standards, which may involve corrected (e.g., glasses) or uncorrected vision. Perfect vision is often referred to as 20/20 (in U.S. measurement units). Visual acuity tests help :

• Assess if infants or children have proper visual development.
• Confirm vision requirements for obtaining a driver’s license.
• Diagnose causes and plan treatments for reduced visual clarity.
• Symptoms of illness progression leading to changes in vision.
• Monitor for progressive changes in vision caused by medical conditions.
• Evaluate treatment efficacy, such as medication or surgery.
2. Intraocular Pressure Test (Auto Tonometer)

Elevated intraocular pressure (above 21 mmHg) is a risk factor for glaucoma. If untreated, glaucoma can damage the optic nerve, leading to gradual vision loss and potential blindness.

3. Refraction Test (Auto Refractometer)

This automated device measures refractive errors like nearsightedness, farsightedness, and astigmatism more efficiently than traditional techniques. It is especially useful for individuals with reduced vision.

4. Corneal Curvature Test (Auto Keratometer)

Measures the curvature of the cornea to detect astigmatism. It is also critical for cataract surgery planning, particularly in selecting appropriate intraocular lenses.

5. Retinal Imaging without Pupil Dilation (Auto Retina Camera or Fundus Camera)

This camera captures detailed images of the retina, enabling accurate diagnosis and treatment monitoring. It also aids in clear communication between doctors and patients.

6. Color Vision Test

Diagnoses color blindness. Early screening, recommended by age 4.5, can prevent the shock of discovering limitations later in life. Early detection helps in treatment planning and life adjustments. Testing methods include Ishihara plates, Cambridge Color Test, and Anomaloscope testing.

7. Lens Power Measurement (Portable Lensometer)

Measures the strength of eyeglasses using a lensometer to ensure the prescription aligns with the patient’s vision needs.

 

Screening Hearing Test

Why is Hearing Screening necessary?

Hearing plays a vital role in daily life, especially in communication. Any abnormalities can make communication difficult. Hearing loss can occur at any age, making regular hearing screening crucial for preventing and managing potential hearing loss.

Common Causes of Hearing Loss

• Age-related hearing loss (Presbycusis)
• Genetics
• Injuries or accidents
• Earwax blockage or eardrum perforation
• Diseases such as infections, tumors, or otosclerosis
• Prolonged exposure to loud noise
• Congenital hearing loss

Hearing Screening Test Lists

1. Pure-tone Audiometry

Evaluates the softest sounds a person can hear across various frequencies. There are two sound conduction methods :

• Air Conduction: Sound delivered through headphones.
• Bone Conduction: Sound transmitted via a bone vibrator.

Normal hearing is considered between -10 to 25 decibels (dB). Hearing levels above 25 dB indicate hearing impairment.

2. Speech Audiometry

This test assesses the softest level of speech a person can hear and their ability to understand spoken words. The individual listens to words and repeats them aloud.

Results are expressed as a percentage to indicate speech comprehension.

3. Middle Ear Function Test

This test measures the movement of the eardrum and middle ear in response to air pressure and loud sounds. The results, combined symptoms, are used to assess abnormalities in the middle ear. It helps identify issues such as a perforated eardrum, fluid or pus in the middle ear, or an infection in the middle ear, as well as malfunctioning of the pressure-equalizing tube in the middle ear.

4. Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR)

This test evaluates the function of the nerves between the inner ear and the brainstem. It is used in patients where the doctor suspects abnormalities in the auditory nerve or a tumor on the nerve, or in those who have sustained injuries affecting hearing. Additionally, ABR is used as a hearing screening tool for both children and adults who are unable to undergo Pure-tone Audiometry testing.

5. Otoacoustic Emissions Test (OAE) (Otoacoustic Emissions Test : OAE)

This test evaluates the function of the inner ear and is also used as a hearing screening tool for newborns. Additionally, it helps estimate hearing levels and monitor potential hearing damage caused by medications or chemicals toxic to the inner ear.

If abnormalities are detected during a hearing screening, further diagnostic evaluation by an ENT specialist or audiologist is recommended for accurate assessment, monitoring, and treatment.

 

Complete Blood Count (CBC)

Why is a Complete Blood Count (CBC) necessary?

A complete blood count (CBC) measures the quantity and characteristics of the three types of blood cells: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It is used to detect abnormalities in the body and diagnose various diseases or conditions.

 

Hemoglobin (Hb/HGB)

Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that indicates the ability to transport oxygen to various organs in the body.

Hemoglobin levels

• The normal range for men is between 13-18 grams per deciliter (g/dL).
• The normal range for women is between 12-16 grams per deciliter (g/dL).

Results of Hemoglobin Levels

• If the value is higher than the standard, it indicates a condition of thick blood.
• If the value is lower than the standard, it indicates anemia.

Causes of thick blood and anemia

Thick blood may result from being overweight, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, the use of diuretics, or dehydration.

Anemia primarily results from a decrease in red blood cell and hemoglobin production, which may be caused by nutritional deficiencies, pregnancy, chronic diseases, or bone marrow issues. Another cause is the rapid breakdown and destruction of red blood cells, such as in genetic disorders like thalassemia or infections. The final cause is blood loss, whether from sudden blood loss due to accidents, surgeries, childbirth, or chronic conditions that lead to iron deficiency.

 

Hematocrit (HCT)

The concentration of red blood cells in the total blood volume.

Hematocrit Levels

• The normal range for men is 40-54%
• The normal range for women is 36-48%

Results of Hematocrit Levels

• If the value is higher than the standard, it indicates a condition of thick blood.
• If the value is lower than the standard, it indicates anemia.

Causes of thick blood and anemia

Thick blood may result from being overweight, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, the use of diuretics, or dehydration.

Anemia is primarily caused by a decrease in red blood cell and hemoglobin production, which can occur due to nutritional deficiencies, pregnancy, chronic diseases, or bone marrow problems. Another cause is the rapid destruction of red blood cells, such as in genetic disorders like thalassemia or infections. The final cause is blood loss, whether due to sudden blood loss from accidents, surgeries, childbirth, or chronic conditions leading to iron deficiency.

 

White Blood Cell Count (WBC)

White blood cells are part of the immune system and play a vital role in protecting the body from infections and foreign substances. There are several types of white blood cells, and they can be found in both the blood and lymphatic system. All white blood cells are produced in the bone marrow.

White Blood Cells Count Levels

For a healthy individual, the white blood cell count should be around 4,500-10,000 cells/ml.

Results of White Blood Cell Count Levels

• If the count is higher than normal, it indicates a bacterial or viral infection in the body.
• If the count is lower than normal, it indicates a higher risk of infection than the general population.

Causes of High and Low White Blood Cell Count

High White Blood Cell Count : This may occur as a reaction to foreign substances, infection, various viruses, or as a response to certain medications.

Low White Blood Cell Count : This can be caused by several factors, including abnormalities in the bone marrow (the source of white blood cells), congenital disorders, cancer, or excessive destruction of white blood cells due to viral infections.

 

Platelet count

Platelets play a crucial role in stopping blood flow when an injury occurs.

Platelet count Levels

The normal platelet count should range between 150,000-450,000 platelets/mm³.

Results of Platelet count Levels

If the platelet count is too low, it may make it difficult for the blood to clot. However, if the platelet count is too high, it can lead to blood vessel blockage (thrombosis).

Causes of High and Low platelet count

If the platelet count is too low, it may cause difficulty in stopping bleeding. Conversely, an excessively high platelet count can lead to blood vessel blockages.

 

Blood Sugar Test (Sugar Profile)

Why is a blood sugar test necessary?

A blood sugar level test evaluates the concentration of sugar in the blood to analyze the body’s ability to regulate sugar levels effectively.

 

Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS)

The Fasting Blood Sugar test measures blood sugar levels over the past 2–3 days. This test requires fasting for at least 8 hours before the blood sample is taken.

FBS Levels

• A glucose level below 100 mg/dL indicates normal blood sugar levels.
• A glucose level between 100-125 mg/dL indicates an increased risk of diabetes.
• A glucose level above 126 mg/dL indicates diabetes.

FBS Levels Results

If your glucose level is between 100-125 mg/dL (prediabetes), it’s important to adjust your sugar consumption habits. If your glucose level is above 126 mg/dL (diabetes), you should seek medical treatment.

Causes of High Blood Sugar

In individuals with diabetes, high blood sugar occurs because the body either does not produce enough insulin or becomes resistant to it, leading to improper regulation of blood sugar levels.

For those without diabetes, high blood sugar may result from various factors such as consuming excessive sugar or carbohydrates, chronic stress, lack of exercise, infections or fever, pancreatic issues that reduce insulin production, or the use of certain medications like steroids or immunosuppressants.

 

Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c)

The test measures the level of hemoglobin protein in red blood cells that has glucose attached to it. The result reflects the average blood sugar concentration over the past 2-3 months.

HbA1c Levels

• An HbA1c level of less than 5.7% is considered normal.
• An HbA1c level between 5.7% and 6.4% indicates a risk of diabetes.
• An HbA1c level of 6.5% or higher is classified as diabetes.
• For individuals already diagnosed with diabetes, good control of HbA1c level is below 7%.

Results of HbA1c Levels

If the HbA1c level is high and indicates diabetes or a risk of complications, it may lead to conditions such as cardiovascular diseases, eye problems, kidney disease, nerve disorders, and infections. Additionally, high blood sugar can lead to increased blood viscosity.

Causes of HbA1C Levels

For individuals with diabetes, blood sugar levels can rise easily due to insufficient insulin production or insulin resistance, resulting in poor regulation of blood sugar.

In those without diabetes, blood sugar levels may increase due to factors such as excessive consumption of sugary or carbohydrate-rich foods, chronic stress, lack of exercise, infections, fever, pancreatic problems leading to insufficient insulin production, or the use of certain medications, such as steroids and immunosuppressants.

 

Blood Lipid Test (Lipid Profile)

Why is a blood lipid test necessary?

Measuring blood lipid levels helps assess the amount of fat in the body. While fat is essential for the body, excessive intake can have negative effects on health.

 

Cholesterol

Cholesterol is a type of fat that the body can produce on its own, and part of it comes from the foods we eat. Cholesterol is divided into two types :

• High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) – the “good” cholesterol
• Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) – the “bad” cholesterol

Cholesterol levels in blood

• Normal cholesterol level should not exceed 200 mg/dL
• Cholesterol between 200-239 mg/dL is considered elevated
• Cholesterol greater than 240 mg/dL is considered high

Results of high cholesterol levels

High cholesterol or lipid levels increase the risk of heart disease and stroke.

Causes of high cholesterol :

Several lifestyle factors can lead to high cholesterol, such as smoking, lack of physical activity, excessive consumption of saturated fats and trans fats, and drinking too much alcohol.

 

High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL)

HDL, also known as “good cholesterol” functions by transporting cholesterol and triglycerides from the arteries and various tissues to the liver for excretion. This process helps lower the overall cholesterol levels in the body and reduces the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases.

HDL levels

• For men, the normal value is above 40 mg/dL.
• For women, the normal value is above 50 mg/dL.

Results of HDL levels

Having high HDL levels is generally considered beneficial for the body, but it is still unclear whether extremely high HDL levels could pose any risks. However, if HDL levels are low, it may increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and chest pain.

Cause of HDL

Since HDL is considered “good” fat for the body, increasing HDL levels can be achieved by maintaining a healthy weight (BMI), quitting smoking, exercising regularly, limiting the intake of starchy foods like sugar, rice, and sweets, eating fish, fresh vegetables, fruits, and whole grains like brown rice and whole wheat bread, increasing the consumption of olive oil and various nuts, and reducing alcohol intake.

 

Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL)

LDL, also known as “bad cholesterol,” is a type of fat that accumulates on the walls of blood vessels. When present in high amounts, it can lead to blockages in the arteries, causing them to narrow and harden.

LDL levels

The normal level of LDL should not exceed 130 mg/dL.

Results of LDL levels

If LDL levels are higher than the normal range, there is an increased risk of coronary artery disease and stroke.

Cause of LDL

The causes of high LDL levels in the blood can be attributed to foods high in saturated fats, such as fatty meats, egg yolks, skin and fatty cuts of animals, animal fats, coconut oil, coconut milk, and butter. Additionally, trans fats, which are created by hydrogenating oils to change their chemical structure and make them solid at room temperature, contribute to high LDL levels. These fats are commonly found in products like margarine, shortening, non-dairy creamers, and evaporated milk.

 

Triglyceride

Triglycerides are a type of fat in the body that can be synthesized in the liver or obtained from consuming foods that are directly high in fat. When the body receives more energy than needed, the food is converted into triglycerides and stored as reserve energy. Some of it accumulates in fat tissues, while some is stored in the liver. If the triglyceride levels in the body become too high, it may increase the risk of various health conditions.

Triglyceride Levels

• Less than 150 mg/dL : Normal
• 150-199 mg/dL : Borderline high
• 200-499 mg/dL : High
• 500 mg/dL or more : Very high

Results of Triglyceride Levels

High triglyceride levels increase the risk of various health conditions, including heart disease, stroke, obesity, pancreatitis, fatty liver disease, and breast cancer.

Causes of Triglyceride

Triglycerides are fats produced by the liver and also obtained from consuming high-fat foods such as trans fats, pork belly, oils, butter, and other types of fats.

 

Kidney Function Test

Why Kidney Function Test necessary?

Kidney function tests evaluate kidney health and their ability to remove waste from the body. These tests typically include measuring various substances in the blood. They are crucial for detecting abnormalities and managing kidney-related conditions effectively.

 

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)

The BUN test measures the level of urea nitrogen in the blood, which is a substance produced during the breakdown of proteins in the body and excreted by the kidneys. The BUN test helps evaluate the kidneys’ ability to remove waste from the blood.

BUN Levels

• The normal range for adults is approximately 10-20 mg/dL.
• The normal range for children is approximately 5-18 mg/dL.

Results of BUN Levels

Elevated BUN levels may indicate kidney dysfunction, such as chronic kidney disease or dehydration. On the other hand, low BUN levels may suggest protein deficiency in the diet or malabsorption issues. Therefore, BUN testing is an important tool for monitoring and assessing kidney health.

Causes of High BUN

High BUN levels may be caused by a high-protein diet, stress, kidney stones, or kidney dysfunction.

 

Creatinine

A creatinine test is a blood test used to evaluate kidney function. Creatinine is a waste product produced by muscle activity, such as walking or running. If creatinine levels in the blood are too high or too low, it may indicate kidney dysfunction.

Creatinine Levels

• Normal range for men: 0.73–1.18 mg/dL
• Normal range for women: 0.55–1.02 mg/dL

Results of Creatinine Levels

Low Creatinine Levels may indicate inefficient use of muscles and nerves in daily activities, potentially leading to muscle atrophy or wasting.

High Creatinine Levels may suggest urinary tract obstructions, such as kidney stones, or dehydration.

Causes of Creatinine

Low Creatinine Levels may result from pregnancy, inadequate or imbalanced nutrition, or reduced muscle and nerve function.

High Creatinine Levels can be caused by conditions such as high blood pressure, diabetes, certain medications, a high-protein diet prior to testing, kidney infections, muscle breakdown due to strenuous activity or heavy exercise, and urinary tract obstructions.

 

estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR)

The eGFR (estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate) test measures the rate at which the kidneys filter blood per minute. It is a key diagnostic tool for assessing kidney function and identifying conditions such as chronic kidney disease or kidney failure. The eGFR value reflects the efficiency of the kidneys in performing their filtration duties.

Causes of eGFR

The gradual deterioration of kidney function can be caused by several factors, including Chronic health conditions, Family history, Dietary habits, Smoking, Use of certain medications and Lifestyle factors.

 

Uric Acid Blood Test (Uric Acid)

Why Uric Acid Blood Test necessary?

Uric acid is produced from the breakdown of purine, which is found in high amounts in foods such as poultry, organ meats, and certain vegetables. Normally, uric acid is excreted through urine, but elevated levels can indicate health issues.

Uric Acid Levels

The normal uric acid levels in the blood are typically up to 7 mg/dL for males and postmenopausal females. For females who still have menstruation, the uric acid level should not exceed 6 mg/dL.

Results of uric acid blood test

If the uric acid level exceeds the normal range, it can lead to hyperuricemia, which increases the risk of developing arthritis or gout and may also increase the risk of kidney stones.

Causes of high uric acid levels

Uric acid is produced through chemical processes in the body during the creation or repair of cells, and from consuming foods high in uric, such as poultry, organ meats, certain vegetables, legumes, and some beverages like beer and fruit juices containing fructose. If the body produces too much uric acid or if the kidneys are unable to excrete it properly due to kidney dysfunction, uric acid can accumulate in the body. This may lead to kidney damage, high blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, and an increased risk of paralysis.

 

Liver Function Test

Why Liver Function Test necessary?

A liver function test is a blood test used to measure the levels of various proteins and enzymes that may indicate liver abnormalities. The results can be used for preliminary screening to determine if the liver is infected or experiencing damage. Additionally, it helps monitor patients’ conditions and assess potential side effects from certain medications.

 

Serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (SGPT)

Liver Function Test: SGPT (Serum Glutamate-Pyruvate Transaminase) or ALT (Alanine Transaminase) SGPT or ALT is an enzyme produced when organs in the body are damaged. This enzyme is predominantly found in the liver. Elevated levels of ALT may indicate liver problems or damage. Therefore, measuring ALT levels can help in diagnosing liver-related issues.

SGPT (ALT) Levels

The normal range for SGPT (ALT) is typically 0-45 U/L.

Results of SGPT (ALT) Levels

If the SGPT (ALT) levels are higher than normal, it indicates liver inflammation or damage.

Causes of High SGPT (ALT) Levels

The rapid deterioration of the liver can be caused by several factors such as Excessive alcohol consumption, Obesity and metabolic syndrome, High-fructose beverages, Processed and old food.

 

Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT)

SGOT (also known as AST – Aspartate Transaminase) is an enzyme produced when organs in the body are damaged. Elevated levels of AST in the blood can be a sign that an internal organ, particularly the liver, is experiencing damage. The liver releases higher amounts of AST when its cells are injured, which is why elevated levels are often associated with liver issues.

SGOT Levels

The normal range for SGOT (AST) is 5-34 U/L.

Result of SGOT levels

If the SGOT level is higher than normal, it indicates that the liver may be inflamed.

Causes of SGOT Levels

The causes of rapid liver deterioration include alcohol consumption, obesity (especially visceral fat), or drinking beverages high in fructose, which can lead to fat accumulation in the liver. Additionally, consuming processed foods or expired foods may introduce harmful substances or carcinogens that can damage the liver.

 

Gamma GT (GGT)

GGT is an enzyme produced by the liver that helps in detoxifying the body. The levels of this enzyme typically increase when the body has been exposed to excessive alcohol intake or prolonged alcohol consumption. Additionally, measuring GGT levels can also help evaluate ALP (Alkaline Phosphatase) levels to identify which organ the enzyme originates from. If elevated, these levels may signal an increased risk of liver disease or biliary tract disorders.

GGT Levels

• Normal range for men 12-64 U/L.
• Normal range for women 9-36 U/L.

Results of GGT Levels

If the GGT level is higher than the normal range, it may indicate liver damage, particularly if caused by alcohol consumption. In cases where alcohol consumption is not a factor but GGT levels are still elevated, it could suggest a risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

Causes of High GGT Levels

Elevated GGT levels can be caused by heavy alcohol consumption. Other factors include conditions like diabetes, obesity, and stress. Additionally, individuals with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) — a condition where fat accumulates in the liver without alcohol involvement — may also experience increased GGT levels.

 

Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP)

Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme produced from the activity of proteins in the body, with high concentrations found in the liver and bones. Measuring ALP levels in the blood helps differentiate between liver and bone disorders. Typically, ALP testing is conducted alongside ALT (Alanine Transaminase) and AST (Aspartate Transaminase) tests to evaluate overall liver function.

ALP Levels

The normal range for ALP is typically between 40-150 U/L.

Results of ALP Levels

High ALP levels may indicate abnormalities in the liver or bile ducts. This could be a sign of liver disease, such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, or liver cancer, as well as conditions like gallstones or bile duct obstruction. It may also suggest bone-related issues.

Low ALP levels are less concerning and are less commonly found, but they could indicate a deficiency in nutrients or inadequate nutritional intake. This could result from conditions like celiac disease or a deficiency in certain vitamins and minerals.

Causes of ALP Levels

Abnormal ALP levels are often associated with issues in the bile ducts or bones. It may also indicate a condition where the body is not receiving enough nutrients or is lacking certain nutrients required for proper function. Other potential causes include kidney cancer, gastrointestinal disorders, pancreatic diseases, or severe infections.

 

Thyroid Function Test

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Test

The TSH test is used to assess the function of the pituitary gland, which controls the production of thyroid hormones. This test helps determine whether the body has adequate levels of thyroid hormones. By measuring TSH levels, it can indicate whether the thyroid gland is underactive (hypothyroidism) or overactive (hyperthyroidism).

TSH Levels

The normal range for TSH levels is between 0.350 – 4.940 uIU/mL.

Results of TSH Levels

If the TSH level is higher or lower than normal, it is advisable to consult a specialist doctor for further evaluation.

Causes of TSH Levels

A higher-than-normal TSH level may indicate two main cases :

The thyroid gland is producing insufficient hormones, causing the pituitary gland to produce more TSH to stimulate the thyroid’s function.

In some cases, the pituitary gland may be functioning abnormally and producing excessive TSH, which can be found in patients with tumors in the pituitary area.

 

Free T4

The Free T4 test measures the level of thyroid hormone T4 in its free form, which is not bound to proteins in the blood. This provides a more accurate assessment of the amount of thyroid hormone available for the body to use. The test helps evaluate thyroid function and assess the risk or presence of thyroid hormone deficiency more effectively.

Free T4 Levels

The normal range for Free T4 is 0.70 – 1.48 ng/dL.

Results of Free T4 Levels

If the Free T4 levels are higher or lower than normal, it is important to consult a specialist for further evaluation and diagnosis.

 

Free T3

The Free T3 test measures the levels of the free, unbound T3 hormone in the bloodstream, providing a more accurate indication of the hormone that is actually available for the body to use. This test is useful for evaluating whether the thyroid is functioning normally, overactive, or has any dysfunction.

Free T3 Levels

The normal range for Free T3 is 1.58 – 3.91 pg/mL.

Results of Free T3 Levels

If the level of Free T3 is higher or lower than the normal range, it is recommended to consult a specialist for further evaluation.

 

Tumor Markers

Why Tumor Markers testing necessary?

Tumor markers testing is a blood test used to detect substances produced by cancer cells. This test helps identify abnormalities in the body and should be conducted alongside other cancer screening methods for the specific type of cancer to provide more accurate results.

 

Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA)

Prostate cancer marker testing, or Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) testing, measures the levels of a protein produced by both normal and cancerous cells in the prostate. In patients with prostate cancer, the production of PSA is higher than in healthy individuals.

PSA Levels

The normal level of PSA is typically below 4 ng/mL.

Results of PSA Levels

If the PSA level is greater than 10 ng/mL, it increases the risk of prostate cancer.

Causes of High PSA Levels

The PSA level can be elevated in both prostate cancer and non-cancerous conditions such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Other factors that can cause an increase in PSA include prostatitis, urinary retention, catheterization, urethral instrumentation, or prostate biopsy. Therefore, an elevated PSA level alone is not sufficient for diagnosing prostate cancer and requires further testing for confirmation.

 

Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)

The test for colon cancer tumor marker, or Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA), is an antigen normally produced by cells in the intestines and liver. In patients with colon cancer, elevated levels of CEA are commonly observed.

CEA Levels

• The normal range for non-smokers: 0.0-5.0 ng/mL
• The normal range for smokers: 0.0-10.0 ng/mL

Results of CEA Levels

A CEA level higher than 5 ng/mL may indicate an increased risk of colorectal cancer. Additionally, high CEA levels can be associated with other conditions, particularly adenocarcinomas such as stomach cancer, lung cancer, thyroid cancer, or other diseases caused by inflammation of internal organs, including cholecystitis, cirrhosis, kidney disease, and inflammatory bowel disease.

Causes of High CEA Levels

In healthy individuals, slightly elevated CEA levels can be observed in smokers, pregnant women in the first 6 months of pregnancy, and those with inflammation in the gastrointestinal, pulmonary, or liver systems. However, the CEA levels in these cases are typically not significantly high.

CEA levels are more likely to be abnormally elevated in cancer patients, particularly in cancers of the gastrointestinal system, pancreas, breast, lungs, and ovaries. Colorectal cancer, in particular, often presents with higher CEA levels compared to other types of cancer.

 

Alpha Fetoprotien (AFP)

The test for liver cancer markers, or Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP), is used to detect cancer in individuals at risk, such as patients with cirrhosis or hepatitis B virus infection.

AFP Levels

The normal range of AFP for men and non-pregnant women is 0.89 – 8.78 ng/mL. In generally healthy adults, AFP levels in the blood are typically under 10 ng/mL. However, if AFP levels are significantly elevated, exceeding 500 ng/mL, further tests may be required to investigate potential abnormalities within the body.

Results of AFP Levels

If AFP levels are elevated, it may initially indicate the presence of liver cancer cells. Further diagnostic tests should be conducted to confirm the condition and identify any other potential abnormalities.

Causes of liver cancer

The causes of liver cancer include conditions such as cirrhosis from various factors, including chronic infections with hepatitis B and C viruses, excessive alcohol consumption, fatty liver, diabetes, obesity, and the consumption of contaminated food. Aflatoxins, which are commonly found in peanuts and dried chili powder, are particularly known to contribute to liver cancer development.

 

Urinalysis (Urine Exam)

Why is a urinalysis necessary?

Urinalysis (UA) is a test of urine that has been filtered by the kidneys as waste and is in liquid form. The test examines the components of the urine, starting with its physical characteristics, such as color, odor, clarity, and the chemical composition of the liquid. It also checks for abnormal substances in the urine, such as pathogens, bacteria, and viruses, which may have passed through the filtration process.

Urinalysis Lists

1. Visual examination

includes the color, odor, and clarity of the urine.

2. Chemical Examination
• The specific gravity (Sp.Gr or SG) measures the concentration of urine and is related to dehydration.
• The pH (acidity or alkalinity) measures the balance of urine, which depends on the internal functioning of the body and dietary habits.
• Protein refers to the detection of protein in urine, which indicates how much protein is leaking through the kidneys’ filtration process.
• Glucose refers to the detection of glucose in urine, which indicates the leakage of excess sugar from the bloodstream into the urine.
• Ketone refers to the detection of ketone bodies in urine, which occur when the body is unable to convert sugar into energy. As a result, the body starts breaking down fat into ketones to use as an alternative energy source instead of sugar.
• Nitrite refers to the detection of urinary tract infections (UTIs), which can affect the kidneys, bladder, or other parts of the urinary system.
• Bilirubin refers to the presence of bile in the urine, which gives the waste liquid a yellow color. The intensity of the color depends on whether there is a blockage in the bile ducts of the liver.
• Urobilinogen refers to a condition caused by liver cell inflammation or a blockage in the bile ducts, which can be detected in urine.
• Leukocytes (White blood cells) in urine indicate inflammation in the urinary tract.
• Erythrocytes (Red blood cells) in urine indicate injury to the urinary tract or internal organ damage.
3. Microscopic Examination
• เWhite blood cells (WBC)
• Red blood cells (RBC)
• Bacteria, Yeasts, Parasites
• Casts
• Crystals

Urinalysis Levels

The specific gravity or average concentration of substances in urine can indicate whether the body is adequately hydrated. In a healthy body, the specific gravity typically ranges from 1.003 to 1.030

Result of Urinalysis Levels

If the specific gravity test results show a value that is too high, it indicates dehydration or insufficient water intake. Alternatively, if the value is consistently below 1.005 at any time of the day, it may suggest impaired kidney function in regulating urine concentration.

 

Stool Exam (Stool Exam and Occult Blood)

Why is stool testing necessary?

Stool testing is an analysis performed to assess the health of the digestive system, including identifying abnormalities in the stool such as bacterial, parasitic, or viral infections. It also helps detect gastrointestinal bleeding, which could be due to conditions like gastric ulcers or colon cancer. Additionally, stool testing is used to evaluate the efficiency of nutrient absorption in the body.

 

Cervical Cancer Screening (Liquid Based Cytology)

Why is cervical cancer screening necessary?

Cervical cancer screening using Liquid Based Cytology (LBC) is a method used to detect abnormalities in the cells of the cervix. In this method, the collected cells are washed and prepared in a solution before examination, which allows for clearer detection of abnormal cells. Additionally, LBC helps reduce the risk of infection or contamination from foreign substances, resulting in more accurate and effective test results.

 

X-ray Investigation group

Why is radiology screening necessary?

Radiology screening, or X-ray investigation, is a diagnostic procedure that uses X-rays to view the internal structures of the body, such as bones and organs. This type of screening helps detect abnormalities, such as bone fractures, infections, or the growth of tumors, by providing detailed images of the body’s internal condition.

 

Chest X-Ray (CXR)

A Chest X-ray (CXR) is a diagnostic procedure that uses X-rays to examine the chest area, primarily for screening and detecting abnormalities in the respiratory system. It helps identify issues related to the lungs, such as spotting nodules or masses in lung tissue, detecting abnormalities in the pleura and blood vessels of the lungs, and assessing nearby organs within the thoracic cavity.

 

Ultrasound Whole Abdomen

Ultrasound diagnosis uses high-frequency sound waves that create images to examine various organs. It helps detect certain abnormalities and assists in the doctor’s diagnosis. An abdominal ultrasound is non-invasive, painless, and safe. It is commonly used to detect preliminary issues such as kidney stones, gallstones, and liver masses, providing essential information for planning treatment or monitoring future care.

 

Bone Densitometry (Lumbar Hip)

Bone densitometry (Lumbar Hip) is a test used to measure bone mineral density in the lower spine (lumbar) and hip. These areas are particularly at risk for fractures due to osteoporosis. This test helps assess bone strength and identify individuals at risk for bone fractures, guiding preventive or therapeutic measures to maintain bone health.

Bone Densitometry Levels

Evaluation of Osteoporosis Condition Using T-Score :

• T-Score above -1 = Normal bone density (Normal bone)
• T-Score between -1 and -2.5 = Low bone mass or osteopenia
• T-Score below -2.5 = Osteoporosis

 

Digital Mammogram with Ultrasound Breast Both Sides

Digital Mammogram with Ultrasound Breast Both Sides is an important examination for detecting abnormalities in the breasts. It helps in the early detection of breast cancer, even before symptoms appear, and also reduces the risk associated with radiation exposure.

 

Cardiovascular Investigation group

Why is it necessary to check the heart and blood vessels?

Cardiovascular investigations are important as they help assess the health of the heart and blood vessels. They also assist in detecting risks or diseases related to the cardiovascular system at an early stage.

 

Exercise Stress Test (EST)

Treadmill Test is a cardiovascular fitness test that begins by attaching electrodes to the chest, arms, and legs (a total of 10 points) to record the heart’s electrical activity and pulse rate. A blood pressure cuff is placed on the upper arm to monitor blood pressure during the test. A cardiology technician supervises the test, which is conducted under the guidance of a cardiologist to ensure the safety and accuracy of the assessment.

 

Electrocardiography (EKG)

Electrocardiography (EKG) is a test that detects the electrical signals generated by the heart with each beat or contraction and relaxation of the heart. It helps identify abnormalities that may indicate heart problems. EKG can be used to diagnose various conditions such as arrhythmias, heart failure risk, high blood pressure, or to identify the cause of chest pain. It is also used to assess the heart condition of patients who are taking medications that may affect the heart.

 

Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI)

Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) measurement is used to assess the condition of arterial blockages and the elasticity of blood vessels. This test can help diagnose early-stage peripheral artery disease (PAD) in the legs. Additionally, it serves as a preliminary check that may lead to the detection of other serious conditions, such as coronary artery disease and cerebrovascular disease. It also helps assess the future risk of cardiovascular disease and heart conditions, and is used to evaluate the severity of arterial narrowing.

 

Carotid Doppler

Carotid Doppler is a method used to examine the large arteries in the neck that supply blood to the brain. This test is crucial for assessing the risk of conditions such as stroke, paralysis, and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s. Carotid Doppler helps doctors detect early signs of arterial narrowing or blockage in the brain, allowing for early intervention and risk assessment of related diseases.

 

Vitamin D

Why is it necessary to test Vitamin D?

Testing Vitamin D levels is important for various aspects of health management because Vitamin D plays a crucial role in regulating several body systems. It helps strengthen bones and teeth, prevents osteoporosis, supports the immune system, and helps protect against chronic diseases.

Vitamin D Levels

• A 25(OH)D level below 20 ng/mL: Indicates Vitamin D deficiency.
• A 25(OH)D level between 20-30 ng/mL: Indicates Vitamin D insufficiency.
• A 25(OH)D level above 30 ng/mL: Indicates adequate Vitamin D levels.

Causes of Vitamin D Levels

The causes of Vitamin D deficiency are influenced by several factors, such as insufficient sun exposure, inadequate intake of Vitamin D-rich foods, digestive absorption issues, aging, liver and kidney diseases, and obesity.

 

Vitamin B12

Why is it necessary to test Vitamin B12?

Testing Vitamin B12 levels is important because Vitamin B12 plays a crucial role in various bodily functions, particularly in the nervous system and the production of red blood cells. Reasons for testing Vitamin B12 levels include preventing anemia, protecting against cognitive decline and memory issues, assessing the risk for individuals with malabsorption disorders, and monitoring individuals at risk of Vitamin B12 deficiency.

Vitamin B12 Levels

• Children aged 1-3 years: 0.9 micrograms/day
• Children aged 4-8 years: 1.2 micrograms/day
• Adolescents aged 9-12 years: 1.8 micrograms/day 
• Adolescents aged 13-18 years: 2.4 micrograms/day
• Adults (ages 19-71 years): 2.4 micrograms/day

Causes of Vitamin B12 Levels

The causes of Vitamin B12 deficiency can result from various factors, such as inadequate intake of Vitamin B12-rich foods, malabsorption issues in the digestive system, aging, the use of certain medications, alcohol consumption, and conditions like Pernicious Anemia. Pernicious Anemia is a condition where the body cannot produce a substance called intrinsic factor in the stomach, which is essential for absorbing Vitamin B12.